Rome – Perugia, Italy: Winter School on Fighting Corruption with Administrative Measures and Supporting Development of New Anti-Corruption Policies
2018-01-22 08:00 - 2018-02-02 17:00 UTC
The Department of Political Science, University of Perugia, in collaboration with the Regional Anti-corruption Initiative (RAI), European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF) and Italian National Anticorruption Authority (ANAC) implemented an international Winter School on “Preventing Corruption through Administrative Measures” which took place in Rome and Città di Castello, Italy, from 22 January to 2 February, 2018.

The Winter School was an intensive programme designed for professionals looking to consolidate their experience and enlarge their competences on curbing corruption, with particular attention to the misuse of European funds. Interdisciplinary in nature, it addressed trends and practices on the international anti-corruption arena and promoted culture of prevention. The Winter School aimed to provide training on the administrative enforcement actions, the sharing of good practices and the development of regional networks of experts and public officials.
Mr Vladan Joksimovic, Head of RAI Secretariat, used this opportunity to share good practices for development of anti-corruption policies as well as the ongoing projects and objectives of RAI.
According to Mr Enrico Carloni, Director of the Winter School, this experience represented an useful training/debating path among experts and officers involved in managing anti-corruption policies – it also promoted positive network of professionals and competences. Furthermore, he stated that synergies with project partners RAI and ANAC were really positive and that they are determined to develop these partnerships in the future.
Prevention, public procurement, public ethics, transparency were some of the issues addressed by the speakers during the Course.

The Winter School ended with ceremony for the delivery of the certificates of attendance to the participants, with the participation of Mr Vladan Joksimovic, Head of RAI Secretariat, Mr Enrico Carloni, Director of the Winter School, and Ms Angela Lorella Di Gioia, General Secretary of ANAC.

By integrating theory and practice, the Winter School equipped participants with a deeper understanding of the intricacies of corruption, tools to assess best practices and cross-sectoral challenges, and frameworks to devise durable anti-corruption strategies. Participants were exposed to the latest insights from Europe-leading experts and had the opportunity to develop a strong network with peers in the same field. The Winter School consisted of approximately 80 lecture hours, roundtable discussions, group work, teambuilding activities and social events.
Agenda can be found here.

Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina: Regional Conference on Strengthening Cooperation in the Field of Asset Recovery
2018-03-28 08:00 - 17:00
28 March 2018, Sarajevo: Regional Anti-corruption Initiative (RAI) and the Advice on Individual Rights in Europe (AIRE) Centre in cooperation with the UK government and OSCE, organised a Regional Conference on Strengthening Cooperation in the Field of Asset Recovery, which gathered recovery experts, prosecutors and members of judiciaries from the Southeast Europe and beyond.
The aim of the conference was to present the findings of a comparative study prepared by AIRE Centre, London, and the RAI Secretariat regarding the seizure of illegally acquired property in the Western Balkans. The analysis specifically refers to the final court judgments in cases of corruption, with a particular focus on human rights standards.
“The Study on Asset Recovery in the Western Balkans, along with the Study in other RAI jurisdictions, were conducted with the clear objective to provide a snapshot of the current state of play, identify common challenges as well as the shortcomings at the local levels which can be affected regionally,” said Vladan Joksimovic, Head of the RAI Secretariat.
Key finding of the study, confirmed through the conference discussion, is that the international and European standards have been to a large extent transposed into the national legislation of the Western Balkans jurisdictions. However, implementation of these standards must be improved.
“The study validates the need to strengthen the ability of law enforcement agencies and prosecution services to systematically conduct financial investigations parallel to criminal investigations. It urges for more consistent implementation of European legal standards and important safeguards contained in them”, said Biljana Braithwaite, Program Manager for the Western Balkans AIRE Centre in London. Braithwaite also pointed to the finding which stressed a growing demand to use international co-operation mechanisms during the asset recovery processes, with countries engaging in asset recovery beyond its borders.
The participants of the conference also presented experiences from United Kingdom, Italy, Bulgaria, Croatia, Moldova and Romania, as well as key international instruments that regulate this area
The conference is part of the project “Combating corruption in the Western Balkans and Strengthening Regional Cooperation in the field of Asset Recovery”, which is being implemented with support from the UK Government and from the OSCE.
The project analyzes the effectiveness, efficiency and adherence to human rights in criminal justice systems of Southeast Europe in relation to seizure and confiscation of the proceeds of crime in order to propose joint action at regional level.
Please find attached the Conference Pack with Agenda, List of Participants and other relevant details.

Montenegro: Training on Corruption Proofing of Legislation
2018-04-24 08:00 - 2018-04-25 17:00
Regional Anti-corruption Initiative (RAI) Secretariat in cooperation with the Agency for Prevention of Corruption of Montenegro and the Regional Cooperation Council (RCC) organized Training on Corruption Proofing of Legislation in Montenegro, in Budva on 24 April and Podgorica on 25 April 2018.

The Trainings are part of the Regional Programme on Strengthening the Capacity of Anti-corruption Authorities and Civil Society to Combat Corruption and Contribute to the UNCAC Review Process, which is implemented by RAI Secretariat in partnership with the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), supported by the Austrian Development Agency (ADA).
The purpose of the Trainings was to build and strengthen the capacity of the institutions in conducting corruption proofing of legislation, by learning how to review the form and substance of drafted or enacted legislation in order to detect and minimize the risks of corruption that the rules could facilitate. The Trainings gathered representatives of the respective institutions in Montenegro, both on central and local level.
For more information please contact RAI Secretariat.

Podgorica, Montenegro: Regional Workshop – Integrity and Control Measures in Defence and Law Enforcement Institutions
2018-05-08 08:00 - 2018-05-09 17:00
The Regional Workshop “Integrity and Control Measures in Defence and Law Enforcement Institutions”, jointly organized by RACVIAC – Centre for Security Cooperation, Regional Anti-corruption Initiative (RAI) and the Ministry of Defence of Montenegro, took place on May 8 and 9 in Podgorica, Montenegro.
Being aware of the fact that integrity and fight against corruption in the defence and security areas presents one of the common challenges in the region, and considering that this specific topic needs to be treated multi-disciplinary, this Workshop is a continuation of the series of activities organized previously by RAI and is intended as a capacity building endeavour for a new generation of experts involved in the subject of building integrity and fighting corruption.
The objective of the 2018 Workshop was to increase the capacity of ministries of defence and ministries of internal affairs, particularly border police, in the field of integrity and corruption prevention.
The Workshop aimed at increasing awareness about innovative anti-corruption mechanisms and tools, but also the needed legal solutions and regulatory measures. It is anticipated that the participants will gain a better understanding of the specific elements related to institutional integrity measures, prevention and resolution of conflict of interest, declaration of assets, income, liabilities and interests, and identification and mitigation of corruption risks related to protection of classified data.
Greeting the participants on behalf of the RACVIAC Director, Ambassador Haydar Berk, Ms. Ana Ezhova Krzhaloska, Programme Manager for International and Regional Cooperation with focus on Euro Atlantic Integration Pillar, said that “due to their specificities the fields of defence and internal affairs have been identified as areas with high risks for misconducts and corruption. Public procurement, conflict of interest, financial control and data protection have been acknowledged as particularly vulnerable processes. In this respect, further actions and support to the respective authorities in South East Europe in strengthening their institutional integrity and resilience are needed”. She continued by saying that “the close regional and wider cooperation among the SEE countries through dialogue and various forms of coordination is a strong response to todays’ challenges to defence policy, leading to building of confidence and security among the countries and development of synergy.”
In his Opening remarks the Head of the International Cooperation Section in the Ministry of Defence of Montenegro, Mr. Andrej Lakić, said that the topic of Building Integrity and Fighting Corruption requires the attention of all of us who are focused on developing the global partnership and active exchange of information with the aim to properly implement integrity and control measures in defence and law enforcement institutions.
Speaking on behalf of the Regional Anticorruption Initiative, Mr. Davor Dubravica, Acting Chairperson of RAI greeted the participants and expressed gratitude to RACVIAC and the Ministry of Defence of Montenegro for a great collaboration in organizing the event. This event is continuation of a joint successful cooperation between RAI and RACVIAC, and follow up to the activities organized in past years. Mr. Dubravica emphasized importance of the topic of conflict of interest and asset declaration, especially in law enforcement institutions and ministries of defence. He stressed that preventing corruption and promoting integrity in law enforcement agencies is one of the themes covered by the Group of States against Corruption (GRECO) in fifth Evaluation Round, launched in 2017.
He expressed commitment of RAI in supporting national institutions in the SEE Region, both by strengthening their capacities but also enhancing regional cooperation in the field of conflict of interest and asset declaration. In this respect, the draft International Treaty on Data Exchange for the Verification of Asset Declaration was represented during the Workshop by Mr. Vladan Joksimović, Head of RAI Secretariat.
The Workshop gathered more than 30 participants, mid-level representatives of the ministries of interior and defence from the Republic of Albania, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Republic of Croatia, Montenegro, Moldova, Romania, Republic of Serbia, Republic of Turkey and Kosovo⃰.
For more details, please see List of Participants and event Agenda.

*This Designation is without prejudice to positions on status and is in line with UNSCR 1244 and the ICJ Opinion on the Kosovo Declaration of Independence.
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Zagreb: Corruption Proofing of Legislation Training for Kosovo* authorities
2018-05-22 08:00 - 2018-05-23 17:00
Regional Anti-corruption Initiative (RAI) Secretariat in partnership with UNDP Kosovo* and Kosovo* Anti-Corruption Agency (KACA) organized the 2nd Training on Corruption Proofing of Legislation for Kosovo* Authorities. The training took place in Zagreb on 22-23 May 2018.

The Training is part of the Regional Programme on Strengthening the Capacity of Anti-corruption Authorities and Civil Society to Combat Corruption and Contribute to the UNCAC Review Process, which is implemented by RAI Secretariat in partnership with the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), supported by the Austrian Development Agency (ADA).
The Training represents the continuation of Programme activities on corruption proofing of legislation in Kosovo* and its aim is to build and strengthen the capacity of institutions and civil society in the implementation of corruption proofing of legislation through active participation and exchange of practical experiences with experts and work through case studies.
23 May 2018
RAI Secretariat
*This designation is without prejudice to positions on status, and is in line with UNSC 1244 and the ICJ Opinion on the Kosovo Declaration of Independence.

27th RAI Steering Group Meeting in Zagreb on May 28th
2018-05-28 08:00 - 17:00
The 27th Steering Group Meeting of the Regional Anti-corruption Initiative (RAI) took place in Zagreb, Croatia on May 28, 2018. The meeting was organized by the RAI Secretariat and chaired by the Acting Chairperson Mr. Davor Dubravica.

Focus of the Steering Group Meeting was election of the Chairperson. Following the procedure, Mr. Todor Kolarov was elected as the new RAI Chairperson to commence his mandate as of September 1, 2018.
The meeting was an opportunity to exchange views with the Commission for the Resolution of Conflict of Interest of the Republic of Croatia. The newly appointed President Ms. Natasa Novakovic used the opportunity reconfirm Commission’s readiness to work and cooperate with RAI, and stressed the importance of the International Treaty on Exchange of Data for the Verification of Asset Declarations produced by RAI.
Mr. Vladan Joksimovic, Head of Secretariat informed the Steering Group about main activities of the Secretariat for past several months and announced activities to take place in the following period. The particular focus was given to the past and future activities related to International Treaty on Exchange of Data for the Verification of Asset Declarations and its adoption.
Steering Group took note of the Financial Report for 2017 and adopted proposed reallocation of 2018 RAI core budget.
Agenda
Summary, Conclusions and Decisions

Zagreb: Round table on Whistleblowers Protection
2018-05-29 08:00 - 17:00
The Regional Anti-Corruption Initiative (RAI), in cooperation with Ministry of Justice of Republic of Croatia, organized a Round table on Legislative Framework and Best Practices in Whistleblowers Protection, as a part of the discussion on Croatian Draft Law on Whistleblowers.

The Round table took place on May 29th in Zagreb. Representatives from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia shared their expertise and experiences in implementation of similar legislation in the region and their knowledge on practices related to protection of whistleblowers.
Please find attached the Agenda of the Event.
For more information on RAI Secretariat’s work in the field of protection of whistleblowers please write to us.

30 May 2018

Vilnius, Lithuania: Transparency International’s School on Integrity
2018-07-02 08:00 - 2018-07-08 17:00
Transparency International School on Integrity (TISI) is an annual state-of-the-art anti-corruption and accountability training for future leaders. The upcoming TISI 2018 took place during 2-8 July, 2018 in Vilnius, Lithuania. TISI exposes its participants to the latest developments in the field of anti-corruption and accountability and offers real opportunities to try and implement their ideas in practice.

Following a rigorous selection process, selected students spent 7 highly intensive days learning from leading anti-corruption and accountability professionals. TISI seeks to create a peer-to-peer learning and integrity-building environment that links theory with practice and helps young leaders to acquire better skills in bringing the anti-corruption message across.
School lectures, seminars, training and field trips provide TISI participants with a unique blend of international and local know-how, while also challenging students approached the subject from outside the box and offer novel, previously untested solutions. Since 2010, TISI has welcomed more than 900 youth leaders from around 110 countries worldwide.
More information can be found here.

Summer School for Junior Anti- Corruption Practitioners from South-East Europe
2018-07-09 08:00 - 2018-07-12 17:00
RAI Secretariat, in cooperation with the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Serbia, and in partnership with the OSCE organized the 13th edition of the Summer School for Junior Anti-corruption Practitioners from South-East Europe. The event was hosted by the Judicial Academy of Republic of Serbia in the period 9-12 July 2018.
The topic of 13th Summer School was “Investigation of corruption and confiscation of proceeds of crime – effective tools and methods”.
Participants of the Summer School were junior practitioners from prosecution bodies and anti-corruption law enforcement bodies, dealing with corruption investigations, investigation of frauds related to EU funds and asset recovery. They passed a one week of intensive study, obtaining theoretical knowledge and practical skills from honorable experts on corruption cases investigation and recovering proceeds of crime. They also had a unique opportunity to learn from and exchange experience and knowledge with colleagues and peers from the region about the practices in the other countries.
Lectures were delivered by respected trainers, coming from institutions as the Customs Service of the Republic of Moldova, State Border Guard Service of Ukraine, Austrian Ministry of Interior, USKOK (Croatia), OLAF and Directorate for the Administration of seized assets of Republic of Serbia.
Upon an evaluation test, successful participants obtained RAI Summer School Certificates.
The RAI Secretariat expresses its gratitude to the trainers:
– Mr. Pedro Gomes Pereira,
– Ms. Lidia Gutu,
– Mr. Artiom Popenco,
– Mr. Stanislav Filippov,
– Mr. Günther Bechtloff,
– Ms. Marta Samota Galjer,
– Mr. Antonio Miceli,
– Mr. Todor Kolarov, and
– Mr. Vladimir Ceklic
for their invaluable contributions to the event.
Agenda of the 2018 Summer School
Full list of participants
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Regional Workshop on IT Tools in Prevention of Corruption
2018-09-12 08:00 - 2018-09-13 17:00
RAI Secretariat in cooperation with the National Anti-corruption Center of the Republic of Moldova held a Regional Workshop on IT Tools in Preventing Corruption. The Regional Workshop took place in Chisinau, Moldova on September 12-13. 2018.

The Workshop brought together relevant representatives of anti-corruption bodies from Southeast Europe, responsible for corruption risk assessment and/or corruption proofing of legislation as well as the representatives of IT departments. The objective of the Workshop was to exchange best practices and models of existing IT solutions in the field of corruption risk assessment and corruption proofing of legislation, as well as to define and agree on the final IT models, which will be developed by RAI and delivered to respective national institutions in the forthcoming period. The event was also an opportunity for participants to engage in peer to peer exchange and increase their knowledge on the subject and, at the same time, establish informal professional links between themselves.
The Regional Workshop is an action delivered under the Southeast Europe Regional Programme on Strengthening the Capacity of Anti-corruption Authorities and Civil Society to Combat Corruption and Contribute to the UNCAC Review Process (Programme) implemented by Regional Anti-corruption Initiative (RAI) in cooperation with the United Nations Office and Drugs and Crime (UNODC), and funded by the Austrian Development Agency.
Agenda of the Workshop
List of Participants
For more information please reach out to us on info@rai-see.org
RAI Secretariat
23 August 2018

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Mostar, B&H: Training on Corruption Risk Assessment for representatives of health care institutions
2018-09-18 08:00 - 17:00
Regional Anti-Corruption Initiative (RAI) Secretariat, in cooperation with the Regional Cooperation Council (RCC) and the Agency for Prevention of Corruption and Coordination of the Fight Against Corruption (APIK), supported by the Austrian Development Agency, organized a Training on Corruption Risk Assessment for representatives of health care institutions within the public sector in Herzegovina-Neretva Canton, which was held on 18 September 2018, in Mostar.
The Training was organized under the Southeast Europe Regional Programme on Strengthening the Capacity of Anti-corruption Authorities and Civil Society to Combat Corruption and Contribute to the UNCAC Review Process, which is implemented by RAI in partnership with the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). The objective of the Training was to build and strengthen the capacity of health care institutions in conducting corruption risk assessment through support in development integrity plans on the institutional level.

Multi-Stakeholder Workshop on the United Nations Convention against Corruption
2018-09-24 08:00 - 2018-09-27 17:00
We are pleased to inform you that the application process for the participation in the Multi-Stakeholder Workshop on the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) and its Review Mechanism is now open! Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) based in Southeast Europe are invited to apply.

The Multi-stakeholder Workshop is a part of the Regional Programme on Strengthening the Capacity of Anti-corruption Authorities and Civil Society to Combat Corruption and Contribute to the UNCAC Review Process, which is implemented by RAI Secretariat in partnership with the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), supported by the Austrian Development Agency (ADA).
The Multi-stakeholder Workshop will take place from 24 to 27 September 2018 in Belgrade, Serbia and will bring together representatives from civil society, governments and the private sector. The overall objective of the four-day workshop is: to train participants on the UNCAC provisions; to inform them on the methodology for country reviews; to build their capacity to work with the private sector and to reproduce the training at the local, national and regional level; and to initiate dialogue with government focal points.
Should you be interested in participating, please apply as soon as possible and by no later than Friday, 20 July 2018. For more information, please visit the following link.
To submit a complete application, you are required to complete the application form and send it along with the most recent CV of the representative who would be attending the workshop to the following email: unodc-ngounit@un.org . Only one representative per organization will be invited to attend, and his/her participation will be sponsored by the UNODC.
Priority will be given to CSOs from: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo (under UNSC 1244), Moldova, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, and Serbia.
For more information please contact unodc-ngounit@un.org.

Negotiations Meeting on International Treaty on Exchange of Data for the Verification of Asset Declarations
2018-10-03 08:00 - 2018-10-04 17:00
RAI Secretariat is pleased to inform that the Negotiation Meeting on International Treaty on Exchange of Data for the Verification of Asset Declarations took place in Laxenburg – Vienna, Austria on 3-4 October, 2018.
It was hosted by the Ministry for Europe, Integration, and Foreign Affairs of Austria and organized by RAI Secretariat. The Meeting lasted for two days and attending delegations demonstrated commitment to the Treaty and were actively engaged in the discussions over the Treaty text. The atmosphere was very positive with excellent exchanges, resulting in an improved text of the Treaty.
RAI Secretariat is fully aware that there is a long road ahead, but successful completion of the 1st round of negotiations represents a major milestone in the process of enabling exchange of data for verification purposes in Southeast Europe. Bulgaria and Montenegro nominated their countries as potential hosts for the second negotiation meeting. Delegation of Serbia nominated Serbia as a potential depository of the Treaty.
Please see the Conclusions of the Meeting, as well as the final List of Participants.

The purpose of the International Treaty on Exchange of Data for the Verification of Asset Declarations is to prevent and to combat corruption by providing for direct administrative exchange of information concerning asset declarations between the Parties of the Treaty. The Treaty will enable and streamline communication, and will simplify the present time-consuming processes in verification of public officials’ asset declaration. Respective anti-corruption bodies will be able to communicate formally to each other in an effective and efficient manner compared to the current state of affairs.
The basis of the Treaty is the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) and its Resolution 6/4, which encourages Member States to consider the possibility of concluding multilateral agreements on civil and administrative matters relating to corruption, including international cooperation.
The Treaty has been developed under the Southeast Europe Regional Programme on Strengthening the Capacity of Anti-corruption Authorities and Civil Society to Combat Corruption and Contribute to the UNCAC Review Process, implemented by the Regional Anti-Corruption Initiative (RAI) in partnership with the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and funded by Austrian Development Agency (ADA).
The Treaty has been prepared following three regional expert meetings, attended by the integrity/anti-corruption authorities and ministries of justice from the South East Europe held in Zagreb in 2015, Tirana in 2016 and Sofia in 2016 organized by Regional Anti-corruption Initiative (RAI) and hosted by respective national institutions. Significant contribution in developing the Treaty has been provided by the European Commission, UNODC, World Bank, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Basel Institute on Governance, Regional Cooperation Council (RCC) and the Regional School of Public Administration (ReSPA).
The Treaty has been endorsed by the Heads of Governments at the Western Balkans Summit, held in July 2017 in Trieste. The European Commission in its 2018 Communication on EU Enlargement Policy from April 17th, 2018, reaffirmed importance of the Treaty, as a mechanism which could contribute to improving the countries’ track record of dealing with corruption cases in the Western Balkans region.

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Mostar, B&H: 2nd Training on Corruption Risk Assessment
2018-10-19 08:00 - 17:00
Agency for Prevention of Corruption and Coordination of the Fight Against Corruption (APIK), in cooperation with Regional anti-corruption Initiative (RAI) Secretariat and Regional Cooperation Council (RCC) organized a 2nd Training on Corruption Risk Assessment for health care institutions in Herzegovina-Neretva Canton on 19 October 2018 in Mostar. The aim of the 2nd Training was to strengthening the capacities of health care institutions to identify healthcare-related corruption risks in order to carry out self-assessment effectively and develop their integrity plans. The training shall be further replicated by APIK in other administrative areas in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The Training is organized under the Southeast Europe Regional Programme on Strengthening the Capacity of Anti-corruption Authorities and Civil Society to Combat Corruption and Contribute to the UNCAC Review Process, which is implemented by RAI in partnership with the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and supported by the Austrian Development Agency (ADA).
For the Training Agenda please go here.
For the List of Participants please go here.
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RAI Secretariat

Tirana Albania: 28th RAI Steering Group Meeting
2018-11-19 08:00 - 17:00
The 28th Steering Group Meeting of the Regional Anti-corruption Initiative (RAI) took place in Tirana, Albania on November 19, 2018. The meeting was organized by the RAI Secretariat and chaired by the Chairperson Mr. Todor Kolarov.

Focus of the Steering Group Meeting was presentation and discussion about the amandmants to RAI Secretariat internal documents and procedures.
The meeting was an opportunity to exchange views with the Ministry of Justice of Albania. The Minister of Justice Ms. Etilda Gjonaj stressed that Albania has shown courage and commitment to policy development related to prevention of corruption, as well as in repression side, elaborating on the key elements of this process.
Mr. Vladan Joksimovic, Head of Secretariat informed the Steering Group about main activities of the Secretariat for past several months and announced activities to take place in the following period. The particular focus was given to the past and future activities related to International Treaty on Exchange of Data for the Verification of Asset Declarations and its adoption.
Steering Group adopted the proposed 2019 RAI core budget.
Summary, Conclusions and Decisions

Sofia, Bulgaria: Regional Forum of the Ministries of Interior/Security on Counteraction to Internal Corruption
2018-11-26 08:00 - 2018-11-27 17:00
Following one of the main priorities of the recent Bulgarian Presidency of the Council of the European Union – the European perspective of the Western Balkans, the Ministry of Interior of Bulgaria was pleased to announce a Regional forum of the Ministries of Interior/Security on Counteraction to Internal Corruption. The event took place on 26-27 November 2018 in Sofia and included a ministerial meeting in the afternoon of 26 November, followed by professional discussions on 27 November. The main aim of the political discussion was to support to the operational cooperation in the counteraction to internal corruption, as well as to discuss the opportunities to enhance further our common activities in the counteraction to corruption at regional level.

Strengthening the fight against corruption forms an integral part of the commitments for achieving European standards of cooperation in the area of home affairs, stated during the meeting of the Ministers of Interior/Security of the Western Balkans on 12 April 2018 in Sofia. At the initiative of Bulgaria, a Network for Enhanced Regional Cooperation of Internal Security Units (NERCISU) was established in 2016, with the participation of the relevant units of the Ministries of Interior/Police of Bulgaria, Romania, Greece, Serbia and Macedonia. The Network functions as a platform for active operational regional cooperation with 24/7 hotline for coordination and exchange of information and intelligence.
For more information, please contact Bulgarian Ministry of Interior, EU and International Cooperation Directorate at: eu2018bg@mvr.bg.

Bucharest, Romania: Peer-to-Peer Visit to Romanian Authorities
2018-12-04 08:00 - 2018-12-06 17:00
AIRE Centre (Advice on Individual Rights in Europe) and RAI Secretariat (Regional Anti-corruption Initiative) partnered up to implement a 2-year Regional Project on asset recovery titled “Strengthening the anti-corruption in the Western Balkans through improving asset seizure measures”. The Project is financed by the UK Government and supported by Konrad Adenauer Foundation.

The Regional Project is designed on the basis of comprehensive review and analysis of search, seizure and confiscation of illegally obtained assets conducted by AIRE Centre and RAI Secretariat. The review served as a scoping exercise and provided the baseline for development of the Regional Project. The outcomes of the comprehensive review have been endorsed by the key stakeholders from the Region at the Regional Conference on Strengthening Cooperation in the Field of Asset Recovery in Sarajevo, BiH on 28 March 2018.
The first activity within the Regional Project was a Peer-to-Peer Visit that took place in Romania from 4-6 December 2018. The purpose of the Peer-to-Peer Visit was to learn first-hand about the best practices and experiences of Romanian Authorities, and to share different perspectives on implementation of asset recovery measures among the participants from the Southeast Europe Region. The Peer-to-Peer Visit enabled participants to gain better understanding of the modalities and mechanisms in the field of asset recovery and increase awareness about available legal and practical solutions, but also identify main challenges. The Visit was attended by representatives of prosecution services and asset recovery/management institutions from the region.
During the visit, the participants had an opportunity to visit the following institutions in Romania: National Agency for the Management of Seized Assets – ANABI, Directorate for the Investigation of Organized Crime and Terrorism – DIICOT, National Anti-Corruption Directorate – DNA, and the General Prosecutor’s office. Representatives of the above mentioned national institutions shared their invaluable experiences and know-how with the participants.
Additional Documents:
List of Participants
Peer-to-Peer Visit Programme
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BiH – International Anti-Corruption Day
2018-12-07 08:00 - 17:00
Marking the International Anti-Corruption Day – 9 December, the Agency for the Prevention of Corruption and Coordination of the Fight against Corruption of Bosnia and Herzegovina organized the conference in Sarajevo, on 7 December.
One of the speakers on the panel Prevention of Corruption and Bosnia and Herzegovina – challenges and achievements, was Mr. Vladan Joksimovic, Head of RAI Secretariat.
The conference gathered representatives of national institutions, diplomatic community, international organizations, colleagues from the region, civil society and academia focused on prevention of corruption in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Event Agenda (in local language)

Belgrade, Serbia, Conference “Implementation of Corruption Prevention Mechanisms”
2018-12-13 08:00 - 2018-12-14 17:00
Recognizing the vital importance of international and regional co-operation among national anticorruption bodies in addressing corruption preventing mechanisms, the Anti-Corruption Agency of Serbia, with support of the OSCE Mission to Serbia and the Embassy of Italy in Serbia organized this Conference to facilitate the exchange of best practices and knowledge among anti-corruption practitioners, and to provide a forum for further discussion of development of preventive measures in the key areas of fight against corruption.

Mr. Vladan Joksimović, Head of the Regional Anti-Corruption Initiative Secretariat spoke on the Panel dedicated to Assets and Income Declaration in the Regional Context – Next Steps on the Way Forward.
Agenda of the Conference

One-day follow-up meeting for around 30 Civil Society and Private Sector representatives from the region
2019-02-01 08:00 - 17:00
In order to further the momentum generated by Multi-Stakeholder Workshop on the United Nations Convention against Corruption, UNODC togehter with RAI Secretariat held a one-day follow-up meeting for around 30 civil society and private sector representatives from the region on Friday 1 February 2019 in Belgrade, Serbia. The Meeting is supported by the Austrian Development Agency as part of the South East Europe Regional Programme on Strengthening the Capacity of Anti-corruption Authorities and Civil Society to Combat Corruption and Contribute to the UNCAC Review Process.

The participants affirmed the fundamental importance of promoting the active participation of individuals and groups outside the public sector in the prevention of and the fight against corruption and raising public awareness regarding the existence, causes and gravity of and the threat posed by corruption, as stipulated by Article 12 and 13 of the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC).

Agenda of the meeting
UNODC and RAI teams used the opportunity to to hold a coordination/planning session regarding our current and next Regional Programme. The meeting resulted in seting targets and actions for the coming period as well as long term milestones.

29th RAI Steering Group Meeting – 12 March Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
2019-03-12 08:00 - 17:00
The 29th Steering Group Meeting of the Regional Anti-corruption Initiative (RAI) took place in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina on March 12th, 2019. The meeting was organized by the RAI Secretariat and chaired by the Head of Secretariat Mr. Vladan Joksimovic.

Focus of the Steering Group Meeting was selection of the new Anti-corruption Expert, as well as presentation and discussion about the amendments to RAI Secretariat internal documents. Please find the following documents for more information.
Agenda of the Meeting
Summary, Conclusions and Decisions

RAI Secretariat

2nd Negotiation Meeting on Draft Treaty on Exchange of Data for the Verification of Asset Declaration
2019-03-27 08:00 - 17:00
The 2nd Negotiation Meeting on Draft Treaty on Exchange of Data for the Verification of Asset Declaration was held in Podgorica, Montenegro organized by RAI Secretariat and hosted by the Ministry of Justice of Montenegro. The Meeting is supported by the Austrian Development Agency as part of the South East Europe Regional Programme on Strengthening the Capacity of Anti-corruption Authorities and Civil Society to Combat Corruption and Contribute to the UNCAC Review Process.

Participating delegations agreed upon a final draft of the International Treaty, for full text please go to following LINK. The Treaty text is accompanied by the comprehensive Explanatory Note.
As the next step, the International Treaty shall be signed at a ceremony foreseen in the second half of 2019. The Treaty is also open for signature or accession outside of the SEE region.
Please see the Agenda of the Meeting, Conclusions of the Meeting, as well as the final List of Participants.

Podgorica, MNE: Workshop on Whistleblowing in the Security Sector
2019-05-07 08:00 - 2019-05-08 17:00
The Regional Workshop on Whistleblowing in the Security Sector took place on 7-8 May 2019 in Podgorica, Montenegro. The Workshop was organized by the Centre for Security Cooperation (RACVIAC) in partnership with the Ministry of Defence of Montenegro and the Regional Anti-corruption Initiative (RAI).

South East European countries continue to face a number of challenges including corruption, lack of independence and impartiality of the judiciary and the prioritization of business interests over political integrity. The security sector is particularly vulnerable since it has to address corruption but ensure that security is not at risk. One of the measures that addresses the process of integrity building and related issues is the protection of whistleblowers. Although considered a controversial topic according to a recent publication of the Centre for Integrity in the Defence Sector (CIDS) the restriction of the ‘right to know’ on the grounds of confidentiality of state secrets sets the democratic legitimacy of secrecy against the democratic legitimacy of transparency which is more inherent to the notion of representative democracy.
Furthermore, the latest publication produced by the Southeast Coalition on Protection of Whistleblowers confirms the survey findings and claims that evidence shows that new laws do not always protect citizens and employees from being fired, demoted, harassed, sued or even prosecuted. These findings are being leveraged to close dangerous legislative gaps that expose whistleblowers to career, personal and financial ruin. Therefore, strengthened protection mechanisms are needed to bring about solutions to these and other challenges. Developing stronger rights of and protection for whistleblowers have been recognized and cited by Transparency International, EU, OECD and many others as essential elements of curbing corruption in the SEE region.
The objective of this two-day Workshop was to increase the capacity of the security sector in the field of integrity and corruption prevention as well as to increase awareness about innovative anti-corruption mechanisms but also the needed legal solutions and regulatory measures on whistleblower protection.
Opening the Workshop RACVIAC Director MG (ret.) Jeronim Bazo said: “Due to its specifies the field of defense has been identified as an area with high risks for misconducts and corruption. Public procurement, conflict of interest, financial control and data protection have been acknowledged as particularly vulnerable processes. In this respect, further actions and support to the respective authorities in South East Europe in strengthening their institutional integrity and resilience is needed.” He continued by saying: “The protection of reporting persons – whistleblowers – has been identified as one of the biggest challenges for all governments in South East Europe. I expect that all experts that have gathered here today will use the opportunity this Workshop provides to exchange experiences and best practices, to address the common challenges in the region, but also to further develop mutual contacts and networks among the participants from South East Europe. In accordance with RACVIAC mission to foster dialogue and cooperation on security matters in SEE, including corruption fighting, we see this Workshop as an excellent opportunity to coordinate efforts in this field”, concluded MG (ret.) Bazo.
In his opening remarks Mr Andrej Lakić, Head of the International Cooperation Department, Defense Policy and Planning Directorate, Ministry of Defense of Montenegro, said that Montenegro has adopted a number of laws aimed at combating corruption and organized crime in compliance with obligations arising from the ratification of international conventions and membership organizations within the field of prevention and fight against corruption. However, much remains to be done to develop a climate of openness and integrity that enables effective whistleblower protection, he emphasized.
Speaking on behalf of the co-organizer, Mr Vladan Joksimović, Head of Secretariat, Regional Anti-Corruption Initiative, said: “Significant steps have been made in the corruption prevention field: anti-corruption assessment of laws, corruption risk assessment in public institutions and protection of whistleblowers being at the forefront. Nevertheless, corruption remains a major threat to economic growth, stability and security in South East Europe. I am sure we can all agree that this is a reality as much as it is a perception. Corruption cannot be dealt with by individual governments only, and regional cooperation on anti-corruption has to be further strengthened.” Although some progress is evident at the national level, Mr Joksimović underlined that there is still a lot of work ahead because the implementation does not match legislation.
Being aware of the fact that integrity building in defence and security areas presents one of the common challenges in the region RACVIAC – Centre for Security Cooperation, Regional Anti-Corruption Initiative and the Ministry of Defence of Montenegro have been implementing joint activities in the last couple of years. The first activity that looked into the emerging trends and experiences in the field of whistleblowing was conducted in 2016 and this year’s event presents a continuation of dialogue and exchanging of experiences.
The event gathers national professionals in the security sector who manage whistleblowing cases and implement whistleblowing policies at national level.
The Workshop is envisaged as an active and vibrant environment that will enable all the participants to share their knowledge and experience and to learn about the topics from peers in the security sector.
You can find the Final Agenda and List of Participants here.
Presentation Mevludin Dzindo, APIK B&H
Photo Gallery

For additional information, please contact RAI Secretariat on info@rai-see.org.

Becici, MNE: Training on Effective Asset Recovery: Legal Standards and Good Practices
2019-05-14 08:00 - 2019-05-15 17:00
The AIRE Centre (Advice on Individual Rights in Europe) and Regional Anti-Corruption Initiative (RAI) organised a regional event for judges and prosecutors on effective asset recovery as part of a wider project to bolster the fight against corruption and organised crime in the South East Europe.

The two-day event includes training sessions conducted by regional and international experts, including academic experts on criminonolgy and security studies, a former judge on the European Court of Human Rights, and a judge of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Serbia. Over thirty participants includes senior judges and prosecutors from the Western Balkans and across South East Europe.

British Ambassador to Montenegro, Alison Kemp pointed out that today’s conference “helps turn the intent of regional co-operation into reality, by further strengthening expertise amongst prosecutors and judges in the field of asset recovery, facilitating the exchange of good practices in this respect in the South East Europe”. She added that “given that this region has broadly similar legal systems and encounters similar challenges, I am confident that a regional approach is beneficial, including exchanges of expertise, discussions of common challenges and opportunities to exchange best practice”. “Crime knows of no borders, so institutional cooperation between countries of the region in this area should be equally close”, Ambassador Kemp stated and emphasised that the United Kingdom supports these efforts, and that the UK is keen to share their experience in fighting corruption, and remains committed to working with partners in the Western Balkans and supporting these important reform processes.
The AIRE Centre Programme Manager for the Western Balkans, Biljana Braithwaite, noted that “organised crime and corruption is a blight affecting every State and society in the world. Effective asset recovery measures are a crucial weapon in the arsenal of prosecutors and courts everywhere to stop ongoing criminality and deter future wrongdoing. The AIRE Centre is delighted to be working in collaboration with RAI, and with the support of the UK Government, on this project. We want to give prosecutors and judges an opportunity to further strengthen their knowledge and a platform for increased international cooperation, thus contributing to more effective implementation of asset recovery legislative frameworks throughout the region.”
The event is the first of three training events on the topic of effective asset recovery, held as part of a two-year regional project organised by the AIRE Centre and RAI entitled “Strengthening anti-corruption in South East Europe through improving asset seizure measures” (the Regional Anticorruption Project). The Regional Anticorruption Project is funded by the UK Government and supported by the Konrad Adenauer Foundation. The Project began in November 2018 and will run until November 2020.
The Regional Anti-corruption Project is focussed on fostering regional cooperation through strengthening the capacities of prosecutors and courts to engage in effective asset recovery, developing international and regional cooperation in the asset recovery process, and addressing the strong negative public perception that surrounds the fight against corruption and organised crime throughout the region.

Rome, Italy – NATO Foundation, Balkan Perspectives: Adapting the partnership and integration paths
2019-05-16 08:00 - 17:00
The conference was organised by the NATO Defense College Foundation with the support of the NATO Public Diplomacy Division and the NATO Defense College.
KFOR, now entering its second decade, has been the longest and the most successful stabilisation mission of NATO since the end of the Cold War. Yet, while peace is a tangible benefit for the Balkans, Euro-Atlantic integration and NATO partnerships have to face complex regional and national politics.
A quick look at the area shows the current conundrum: Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia and Kosovo risk to be an unfinished job; two NATO members – Albania and Montenegro – are experiencing some rough political moment and North Macedonia has to face the nitty gritty of overcoming past legacies. Cooperative security has been essential in tackling FYROM’s last transitional crisis, but regional realities require a more multifaceted approach to confront consolidated problems like organised crime, trafficking of human being, corruption, energy security of supply and terrorism.
The conference was structured into three panels.
The first panel outlined the setbacks facing the Balkans in terms of democratic and economic progress, as well as in terms of hybrid internal and external threats. It further discussed how regional societies and governments, assisted by the international community’s tools – among the others, by NATO’s Partnership for Peace (PfP) – could deal with such challenges.
The second one aimed at addressing the Balkan scenario from the wider perspective of EU/NATO integration, which remains the main vehicle towards the achievement of a regional balance, even though the accession prospect does not seem sufficient to address all local shortcomings.
The third discussed the need to better coordinate common resources and efforts to address regional challenges and strengthen the stability and security of the area.
The head of RAI Secretariat Mr. Vladan Joksimovic has been invited as a speaker in the third session where he talked about: Implementing anti-corruption measures by political and moral suasion. Results achieved, shortcomings and future opportunities.

London, UK: Asset Recovery Project, Peer-to-Peer Visit to the British Authorities
2019-05-20 08:00 - 2019-05-24 17:00
AIRE Centre (Advice on Individual Rights in Europe) and RAI Secretariat partnered up to implement a 2-year Regional Project on asset recovery titled “Strengthening anti-corruption in the South East Europe through improving asset seizure measures” (the Regional Anti-corruption Project). The Peer-to-Peer Visit to the national authorities in the UK took place on 20-24 May. It is the second and final Peer-to-Peer visit organised within the Regional Project.

The objective of the Peer-to-Peer Visit is to learn first-hand about the best practices and experiences of UK Authorities, and thus to increase the capacity of practitioners, prosecutors and judges in the SEE region to fight corruption and organized through applying in practices asset recovery measures. The Peer-to-Peer Visit will enable participants to gain better understanding of the modalities and mechanisms in the field of asset recovery applied in the UK.

Skopje, Macedonia: Regional Mutual Legal Assistance and Asset Recovery Training
2019-06-11 08:00 - 2019-06-13 17:00
Regional Anti-corruption Initiative Secretariat held a three-day Regional Mutual Legal Assistance and Asset Recovery Training in Skopje, North Macedonia from 11th to 13th June 2019.

The overarching objective of the training was to enhance the abilities of the participants to provide and request successful international cooperation in transnational crime cases, in particular relating to asset tracing, freezing and confiscation. The design of the training was based on interactive methods and interventions. It included provision of tools & templates and the consolidating of the learning through an engaging interactive and immersive exercise using unique specialist software (View360 Global™) that has already been successfully used in nine other jurisdictions worldwide.
The training is developed for prosecutors, judges and experts from the International Cooperation Departments at the Ministries of Justice who have experience and work on asset recovery cases. Therefore, the nominated participants were able to take active part in the exercises of the workshop.
There will be one more training organised within the framework of the Project in October 2019. The training is organized within the regional project “Strengthening Anti-Corruption in South East Europe through Improving Asset Seizure Measures” with the support of UK Government and Konrad Adenauer Foundation.
Please see the Final Agenda of the training.
Gallery

For more information please contact RAI Secretariat on info@rai-see.org

Sarajevo, B&H: 14th RAI Summer School for Junior Anti-corruption Practitioners from SEE
2019-06-30 08:00 - 2019-07-04 17:00
The 14th Annual Summer School for Junior Anti-corruption Practitioners from South East Europe took place in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina from 30 June till 04 July. The topic of the 2019 Summer School edition was “Investigation of corruption cases- Innovative mechanisms and tools”.
Participants at the Summer School were young public servants coming from all the RAI member countries. They passed one week of intensive study, obtaining theoretical knowledge and practical skills from honorable experts on contemporary and innovative investigation mechanism and tools and on recovering proceeds of crime. They also had to learn from each other on regional practices. 14 Edition of the RAI Summer Junior School was honored to have the High Council and Prosecutorial Council of Bosnia and Herzegovina, (HCPC) as a hosting institution.
July 1st – Summer School Day 1
Opening remarks were given by Ms. Gordana Tadic, Chief Prosecutor of the Prosecutor’s Office of Bosnia and Herzegovina who emphasized the importance of the RAI Summer Junior School as a forum for exchange of views and experiences among young practitioners from the field in the SEE region, especially nowadays when the corruption gets more sophisticated forms which require specialized knowledge and skills in investigation and prosecution of these cases and more enhanced cross- boarder and international cooperation.
The representative from the HCPC, Mr. Admir Suljagic presented the ongoing activities and the projects towards enhancing the independence and competence of the national judiciary.
The Head of the RAI Secretariat, Mr. Vladan Joksimovic presented the on going and upcoming activities of the RAI, the most important of them being the assistance of the anti corruption bodies in the region in developing of preventive anti-corruption tools, corruption risk assessment and corruption proofing of laws, then the role of RAI in facilitating the upcoming signature of the International Treaty on Exchange of data for the Verification of Asset Declarations, and the negotiation process with the EC on the new project on integrity and whistleblowing systems. He addressed the participants to the lots of RAI useful publications and handbooks of various fields of the RAI mission and scope of work, posted on the website of the RAI.
During the working part of the Summer School, Ms. Aneta Arnaudovska, the RAI Anti-corruption Expert gave an overview on the key international anti –corruption standards with a focus on the criminalization of corruption, analysis of the most often problems in investigation and prosecution of corruption – related cases, in proving the elements of the offences, problems in detecting and securing the evidence for proofing the crimes which mostly are indirect, the challenges coming from the newly adopted criminal procedural codes in the states in the SEE which introduced a new type of a prosecutorial investigation, the need for a tailored training for Implementation of the ECHR standards in obtaining lawful evidence and conducting the trials.
Ms. Desislava Gotskova, the RAI Project Manager, explained the international legal framework and the legal concepts as well the situation with their implementation in the field of asset recovery and confiscation of assets, the fact that the cases of seizure of asset and final confiscation orders are very rare in the SEE region, explained the current problems and gaps and encouraged the audience towards more frequent conducting financial investigations as most effective tools in fighting organized crime and corruption. She provided the participants with the latest publication on Asset recovery issued in the framework of the RAI regional project “Strengthening Anti-Corruption in South East Europe through Improving Asset Seizure Measures” with the support of UK Government and Konrad Adenauer Foundation.
The most interesting part on the first day of the School was the “ tour de table”session, whereas the representatives from each of the states presented and discussed national good practices related to the successful processing of corruption cases. The participants presented a plenty of interesting cases of corruption, prosecuted and adjudicated in their respective countries, in various areas such as : government, judiciary, regular police, boarder police, forest industry and agriculture, public procurement, health sector, thus witnessing that the corruption is a widespread phenomenon and has entered in all pores of the society which pushes forward a strong coordinated and comprehensive action and cooperation, both national and international. The participants gave an overview on the competences of the national anti corruption agencies which, in many cases had played the crucial role in investigating the high –profile corruption cases. They lively discussed the need for lawfully obtaining the investigative tools and methods in line with the human rights standards and the necessity for promoting the system of whistleblowers and encouraging the citizens to report corruption in order to increase the effective investigation and prosecution of these cases and confiscation of proceeds of the crimes.
Day Two and Three
RAI participants were pleased to receive training from Lawrie Day and Warren Barlow of AML Consulting (Global) Ltd. First of all, they were introduced into the matter of developing financial intelligence in corruption cases through presentations on relationship of corruption to terrorism and the importance of the OSINT (Open Source to Develop Financial Intelligence) platform as a tool in the financial investigations of corruption cases and money laundering cases. The experts delivered an interactive exercise on the company’s own immersive platform, View360 Global™. The bespoke exercise focused on a regional based corruption case study that featured aspects of terrorist financing and followed inputs on the topics of the relationship between corruption and terrorism the previous day by the two Subject Matter Experts.
The View360 Global™ platform enabled the participants from 11 jurisdictions to participate using their own language which is translated to the facilitators in English. This innovative method of interactive training has been used by AML Consulting (Global) Ltd in 11 countries and was last used this month in Skopje when AML Consulting (Global) delivered a 3 day workshop on international cooperation, mutual legal assistance and asset recovery for the Regional Anti Corruption Initiative under the auspices of another regional asset recovery project.
A presentation of the national practice in prosecution of corruption cases was held by the Prosecutor from at the Prosecutor’s Office of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Mr. Mirza Hukeljic, PhD.
The last day ( 4 th July) of the School, the attendees got the certificates after taking an evaluation test and finalized their participation with a visit to the High Judicial and Prosecutorial Council.
Young practitioners from the SEE had the pleasure to participate at the RAI Summer Junior School, which for the first time has been organized in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina and in the part of the social program, they will use the unique opportunity to feel the traditional hospitality of their hosts and will establish a longstanding professional networking and friendship.
Please see the Summer School Agenda for more details on its content.

Vilnius, Lithuania: TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL 2019
2019-07-08 08:00 - 2019-07-14 17:00
Transparency International welcomes individuals from public, private, non-governmental and academic sectors, from all academic backgrounds. Transparency School does not discriminate its applicants on the grounds of race, color, national origin, disability, sex, gender identity, religion, political beliefs, marital, familial or parental status, sexual orientation or any other basis.We are delighted to announce that applications to the Transparency School 2019 are now open.
Transparency School is the leading summer course on anti-corruption in the world. Since 2010, it has already welcomed more than 1000 future leaders from around 120 countries worldwide. We would like to kindly ask you to disseminate this information to your colleagues and those potentially interested in attending the event on 8-14 July 2019.
Please find more information below in this email and at www.transparencyschool.org.

30th RAI Steering Group Meeting – 24th and 25th September in Skopje, North Macedonia
2019-09-24 08:00 - 2019-09-25 17:00
The 30th Steering Group Meeting of the Regional Anti-corruption Initiative (RAI) took place in Skopje, North Macedonia on September 24th and 25th, 2019. The meeting was organized by the RAI Secretariat.

Focus of the Steering Group Meeting was the election of the new RAI Chairperson as well as presentation and discussion about the amendments to RAI Secretariat internal documents. Please find the following documents for more information.
Agenda of the 30th SG Meeting
30th SG Summary, Conclusions and Decisions
